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Sugar Substitutes - Mannitol Natural Sweeteners To Save Calories
Chemically, mannitol is an alcohol and a sugar, or a polyol; it
is similar to xylitol or sorbitol. However, mannitol has a tendency
to lose a hydrogen ion in aqueous solutions, which causes the solution
to become acidic. For this reason, it is not uncommon to add a substance
to adjust its pH, such as sodium bicarbonate.
Uses
Mannitol is used mainly to reduce intracranial pressure in the cranium
and to treat patients with oliguric renal failure. It is administered
intravenously, and is filtered in the kidney. Given as a hypertonic
solution, it increases distal tubule delivery of Na+ and water,
resulting in increased urine formation.
Mannitol can also be used to open the blood-brain barrier by temporarily
shrinking the tightly coupled endothelial cells that make up the
barrier. This makes mannitol indispensable for delivering various
drugs directly to the brain (e.g. in the treatment of Alzheimer's
disease).
Mannitol is also used as a sweetener for people with diabetes.
Since mannitol has a negative heat of solution, it is used as a
sweetener in "breath-freshening" candies, the cooling
effect adding to the fresh feel. In doses larger than 20g, mannitol
acts as a laxative, and is sometimes sold as a laxative for children.
It is sometimes used as an adulterant for heroin, methamphetamines
or other illicit drugs.
Mannitol can also be used to temporarily encapsulate a sharp object
(such as a helix on a lead for an artificial pacemaker) while it
is passing through the venous system. Because it dissolves readily
in blood, the sharp point will become exposed by the time it reaches
its destination.
Mannitol may be admininstered in cases of severe Ciguatera poisoning.
Severe ciguatoxin, or "tropical fish poisoning" can produce
stroke-like symptoms.
Mannitol is a non-permeating molecule i.e. it cannot cross biological
membranes.
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Information Provided by Wikipedia
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